[The combination of moral and law norms in regulation of medical activity].

The article considers proposals developed according results of the study and targeted on improving social regulation of medical activities on basis of complex institutional approach. The complexity of approach lies in the fact that in regulation of public relations in health care opposition between norms of law and norms of morality is not allowed because in medicine they inter-condition and inter-complement each other. The institutional aspect of approach is reflected in tight interaction of moral and legal foundations, as well as in mechanisms of implementation of social standardization of specific sphere of medical activity. The formalized model of integrated institutional approach is presented. The importance of bioethics, in which principle of inter-complementarity of morality and law is realized to its maximum extent is emphasized. The significance of structural principles of bioethics that characterize totality of stable relationships of subjects of medical intervention is highlighted. The emphasis is made on interrelation between principles of bioethics and medical ethics, on norms of medical ethics, that largely determine content of professional duty of physician. The norms of medical ethics are grouped into three systems: "doctor-patient", "doctor-colleague" and "doctor-society" that are contained in international ethical documents and "The Code of Professional Ethics for Physicians" of the Russian Federation. The importance of internal and external mechanisms of implementation of complex social regulation of medical activity is marked.

Cumplimiento de la normatividad en la publicidad televisiva de medicamentos de venta libre en Colombia. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo 2018 / Compliance with regulations in the television advertising of over-the-counter drugs in Colombia. Retrospective descriptive study 2018

Resumen Introducción: la publicidad televisiva es una estrategia utilizada por la industria farmacéutica para ofrecer sus productos. En el caso de los medicamentos de venta libre, se tiene la responsabilidad de ajustarse a la normativa relacionada con estos productos, con el propósito de proteger al televidente de influencias negativas por posible publicidad imprecisa o engañosa. Objetivo: evaluar el cumplimiento normativo de la publicidad televisiva de medicamentos de venta libre en Colombia de agosto de 2018 en los canales nacionales Caracol y RCN. Metodología: se revisaron las grabaciones de anuncios publicitarios de medicamentos en los canales Caracol y RCN. Aleatoriamente, se seleccionaron los días 2, 4, 22 y 26 de agosto de 2018. La revisión de las grabaciones se realizó por dos evaluadores independientes. Los datos de los anuncios publicitarios se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se identificaron 624 anuncios publicitarios relacionados con medicamentos de venta libre: 601 pautas (96,3 %) y 23 comerciales (3,7 %). Entre los 624 anuncios emitidos, 226 (36,2 %) de 18 medicamentos no cumplieron con algunas condiciones establecidas en la normatividad. Discusión: este estudio, comparado con la publicación del 2014, mostró un incremento en la cantidad de anuncios que no cumplen con la norma, pasando de 8 % a 36,2 %. La principal situación de incumplimiento se debe al tamaño de la fuente, que puede limitar la lectura en poblaciones especiales. Conclusiones: los anuncios televisivos emitidos en los canales nacionales Caracol y RCN, en un 36,2 %, no cumplen con los requisitos definidos por la normatividad vigente.

Abstract Introduction: Advertising broadcast by mass media is a strategy used by the pharmaceutical sectors to offer their products. For of over-the-counter drugs, this sector is responsible for complying with the regulations related to these products, in order to protect the viewers from negative influences, for possible inaccurate or misleading advertising. Objective: To evaluate regulatory compliance in television advertising of over-the-counter drugs in Colombia in August 2018 on Caracol and RCN national channels. Methods: The recordings of the drug advertisements of two national television channels Caracol and RCN were reviewed. The days 2, 4, 22, 26 of august 2018 were randomly selected. Two independent evaluators reviewed the recordings. The data from the advertisements was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 624 commercials related to over-the-counter drugs were identified: 601 guidelines (96.3%) and 23 commercials (3.7%). Among the 624 advertisements broadcast by both national channels, 226 (36.2%) of 18 drugs did not meet some of the conditions established in the regulations. Discussion: Compared to the work done in 2014, shows that there was an increase in the number of advertisements that do not comply with the norm (from 8% to 36.2%). The main non-compliance situation presented by advertisements is related to the source size since small letters can limit the reading of special populations. Conclusion: 36.2% of the television advertisements broadcast on the national television channels Caracol and RCN do not meet the requirements defined by current regulations.

Normas legales para la reducción del consumo de cigarrillos en Cuba / Legal norms for the reduction of cigarette consumption Cuba

Resumen Objetivo: Describir consumo, precio, elasticidad de la demanda de cigarrillos y relación con normativas legales dirigidas a reducir el tabaquismo 1980 - 2020. Material y métodos: Estudio convencional, observacional descriptivo, transversal, mixto, en dos etapas. La primera identifica normativas legales; la segunda, describe consumo per cápita de cigarrillo, precio y la elasticidad de la demanda. Resultados: Se han establecido 37 instrumentos jurídicos relacionados con tabaquismo, se encuentra insertado en seis normativas sobre salud en general, 31 especificas. Ocho tienen alcance nacional; 28 alcance limitado a Organismos de la Administración Central del Estado y un Grupo Empresarial; y el Acuerdo No.5570/05 que es el de mayor rango. Gran parte de las normativas que promulga el Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se encuentran insertadas en normativas jurídicas vigentes, pero las de mayor impacto para reducir el tabaquismo, solo cumplen con las que no poseen carácter legal y económico. De 1980 al 2019, el consumo per cápita de cigarrillos en la población cubana de 15 años y más ha decrecido 65.44 %; el precio promedio de la cajetilla de 20 cigarrillos, no ha permitido establecer correlación entre ambas variables, solo en momentos puntuales; igual la elasticidad producto - precio. Se han mantenido oscilaciones en el consumo, que parecen estar relacionadas con situaciones sociales y económicas, que han producido aumentos o disminuciones derivadas de elasticidad cruzada no estudiada. Conclusiones. Las normativas legales dirigidas a reducir el consumo de cigarrillos en Cuba resultan insuficientes, tanto en su contenido expreso, como en su cumplimiento para lograr tal propósito.

Abstract Objective: To describe cigarette consumption, price, elasticity and its relation to legal norms directed to reduce tabaquism from 1980 to 2020. Material and methods: Conventional, observational descriptive, transversal, mixt study in two stages. The first stage identifies legal norms and the second, describes cigarette per capita consumption, price and elasticity. Results: There are established 37 legal norms related to tabaquism, that are inserted in six general health norms and 31 specific. Eight have national effect, twenty-eight limited to ministries and one to an enterprise group. Agreement No.5570/05 is of the highest level. Great part of what it is quoted in the Tobacco Control Frame Agreement by the International Health Organization, it is inserted in the legal norms established, but the ones of major impact to reduce tabaquism, it is only applied to those with no legal nor economic effect.From 1980 to 2019, cigarette per capita consumption of the cuban population of 15 years and older, has decreased 65.44%; average price of 20-unit pack, has not allowed to establish a correlation between both variables, only in punctual moments; same with elasticity product - price. There have been consumption oscillations, that seem to be related to social and economic situations, that have produced increases and decreases derived from non-studied cross elasticity. Conclusions. The legal norms directed to the reduction of cigarette consumption in Cuba are insufficient, as of its expressed content as of its enforcement to achieve such purpose.

Personas con discapacidad, salud laboral y capacidades en las leyes del 2011-2020 / People with disabilities, occupational health and capacities in laws from 2011-2020 / Pessoas com deficiência, saúde do trabalhador e capacidades nas leis de 2011-2020

Objetivo: Identificar los conceptos de capacidades en las leyes relacionadas con la salud laboral para las personas con discapacidad en Colombia entre el 2011 y 2019. Materiales y método: Cualitativo con un enfoque metodológico es el hermenéutico-comprensivo a través de un análisis de contenido. Resultados: El estudio evidenció algunos conceptos de capacidades relacionados con las posibilidades que tienen las personas con discapacidad de elegir funcionamientos valiosos para su vida sin embargo las normas siguen presentando vacíos en cuanto a la definición de capacidad y una orientación hacia los funcionamientos que no permiten a las personas con discapacidad desarrollar sus capacidades. Conclusiones: Desde la perspectiva de la salud pública, son claras las desigualdades que pretenden solucionar las normas, pero puede afirmarse que, desde lo legislativo, las capacidades son abordadas desde conceptos muy generales y con elementos básicos respecto al desarrollo de capacidades de las personas con discapacidad y por lo tanto la posibilidad de evitar la discriminación de esta población en los entornos laborales sigue siendo un reto de cara a la práctica y la inclusión social

Objective: Identify the concepts of capacities in laws related to occupational health for people with disabilities in Colombia, between 2011 and 2020. Materials and methods: Qualitative study with hermeneutic-comprehensive methodological approach through the analysis of the content. The tracking of information was made through the annual reports from the Congress of Colombia found in digital archives denominated gazettes, issued between 2011- 2020. Law 361 of 1997, which regulates the reinforced labor stability was also included. For the processing of information, the 8th version of the program Atlas/Ti was used. The categories for analysis that were considered were: health, work, employment, labor disability, and capacities. Results: The study showed some capacity concepts related to the possibilities of people with disabilities of choosing valuable functions for their life: however, laws keep presenting voids regarding the definition of capacity and an orientation towards working operations that do not allow people with disabilities to develop their skills. Conclusions: From the public health standpoint, the inequalities that the laws pretend to solve are clear; but it can be claimed, from a legislative perspective, that the capacities are addressed from very general concepts and with basic elements. On the other hand, regarding the development of skills in people with disabilities and the possibility of avoiding discrimination for this population in work environments, it remains a challenge for practice and social inclusion.

Objetivo: Identificar os conceitos de capacidades nas leis relacionadas com a saúde do trabalhador para as pessoas com deficiência na Colômbia, entre 2011 e 2020. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo com metodologia hermenêutico-compreensiva na análise de conteúdo. A procura da informação realizou-se através dos anais do Congresso da República que repousam em arquivos digitais nomeados "gacetas", produzidos desde 2011 a 2020. Para o processamento da informação empregou-se o software Atlas/Ti, versão 8. As categorias na análise foram: saúde, trabalho, emprego, deficiência laboral e capacidades. Resultados: O estudo evidenciou alguns conceitos de capacidades relacionados com as possibilidades que tem as pessoas com deficiência de escolher funcionamentos de valor para as suas vidas; entretanto, as normas continuam apresentando vazios na definição de capacidade e à orientação aos funcionamentos, impedindo que às pessoas com deficiência desenvolver as suas capacidades. Conclusões: Na perspectiva de saúde pública, são claras as desigualdades que pretendem solucionar com as normas, porém desde a legislação, as capacidades são definidas com conceitos superficiais e básicos. Por outro lado, em relação com desenvolvimento de capacidades nas pessoas com deficiência e a possibilidade de evitar a discriminação e preconceito no ambiente de trabalho, continua sendo um desafio de cara à prática e à inclusão social.

Heterosexual Men's Ratings of Sexual Attractiveness of Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.

Following an identical procedure to the one we previously reported (O'Donnell, Lowe, Brotherton, & Bennett, 2014), we examined ratings of sexual attraction to photographs of (the same) adolescent girls (Tanner stages 3-4) labelled as either 14-15 years or 16-17 years old, women, and men. Ratings were made by Bulgarian heterosexual men by pressing buttons on a response box which recorded the ratings made and the time in milliseconds taken to respond. Despite the age of sexual consent in Bulgaria being 14 years, the pattern of findings did not differ from those found in the UK, where the age of consent is 16 years. That is, mean ratings of the sexual attractiveness of the girls labelled as younger were lower than those of the (same) girls labelled as older, and those of the women. In addition, correlations revealed significantly longer responding times when younger girls (and men) were rated as more highly sexually attractive. These associations were reversed in response to the photographs of women. We take these findings to indicate an inhibitory effect arising from generalized sexual norms relating to the inappropriateness of sexual attraction to young girls; the greater the attraction, the higher the inhibition. This second replication of our initial findings suggests a robust effect that may be of benefit in exploration of pedophile or sex offender groups.